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Library DIY for Online and Distance Students

A guide to getting started with Bradley library resources for students in online programs or studying at a distance.

Finding Peer-Reviewed Articles

In order to find peer-reviewed articles, first make sure you're familiar with what peer-reviewed articles are.

The most common place to find peer-reviewed articles is in library databases. Library databases have advanced search features that make finding appropriate articles easier, and provide the most options for obtaining the full text of articles. The quickest way to find the article databases is the Article Databases link under Find, Borrow, Request on the library homepage. Tutorials are available for learning how to use specific databases.

If you're not sure which database you need to be searching in, or just want to start with a very broad search, you can use the Articles Search, which is the second tab on the library's main search box. It searches several different databases at once.

You can also find scholarly articles - though not always the full-text of them - in Google Scholar. This works best if you follow the logging in instructions to set up Google Scholar to work with Bradley's library.

Many databases contain a mixture of both peer-reviewed articles and non-scholarly, non-peer-reviewed articles. Most databases also provide a filter to let you limit your results to only articles from peer-reviewed journals. Look for a checkbox or a filter option labelled "Peer-Reviewed Journals" and make sure it is checked. Sometimes it will be on the advanced search screen.

Sometimes you will find the peer-reviewed option under "Limit your results" on the advanced search screen.

Sometimes you can apply the peer-reviewed filter after you have gotten your initial search results.

In some databases the peer-reviewed option is in the "Refine Results" menu shown on the search results page.

These filters apply only to peer-reviewed journals. This means that the journal has a peer-review process in place for its research articles. However, these journals may still contain other kinds of articles, such as book reviews or essays. Therefore, when you find an article that looks relevant to your topic, you still need to evaluate whether an individual article has been peer-reviewed.

What are Peer-Reviewed Articles?

Peer-reviewed articles play an important role in the spreading of new research in a given field. These articles have the following characteristics:

  • They contain original research completed by experts in the field
  • Before being published, they have been reviewed both by editors and by the authors' peers, who are also experts in the field
  • The review process includes questioning the content, methodology, and findings of the article
  • Authors are expected to revise and improve their work based on feedback from this process before the article can be published

Peer-reviewed articles may also be referred to as research articles, scholarly articles, or academic articles. All these terms describe the same type of article.

Who publishes Peer-Reviewed Articles?

Peer-reviewed articles are normally to be found in scholarly journals. Scholarly journals are easiest to access through library databases, which often have features that can help you recognize this kind of journal. A journal that publishes peer-reviewed articles may also publish content that is not peer-reviewed, such as book reviews or opinion columns, so identifying a journal as scholarly doesn't mean everything inside it is a scholarly article. You'll need to evaluate the article by itself as well. However, confirming that the journal is scholarly and has a peer-review process in place makes it more likely that an article you find inside it will be peer-reviewed.

Here are ways you can identify a scholarly journal:

When searching in a database, search results will sometimes have icons next to them that indicate what kind of publication they come from. Here is one example from a psychology database.

Some databases may describe these journals as scholarly journals.

Here is an example from a nursing database.

Some databases may refer to these journals as academic journals.

In most databases, if you click on the title of the article, and then click on the title of the journal from the item page, it will give you more information about that journal, including whether or not it uses peer-review.

The information about the journal may be referred to as "Publication Details."

How Can I Recognize Peer-Reviewed Articles?

Peer-reviewed articles often follow very specific guidelines for how they are written and formatted. These guidelines may vary based on what discipline the author is doing research in, but generally a scholarly article will have the following attributes:

  • The authors' names are listed, along with any positions they may hold at academic institutions, indicating that they writing from their position as academics/researchers
  • An abstract, or summary of the article's contents, is provided at the beginning of the article
  • A list of references or works cited is included
  • The body of the article quotes or refers to work from other scholarly articles (check the references or works cited page to see if the quoted works were published in scholarly journals!)
  • The body of the article describes research performed by the authors, including their methodology or process, their results, and any conclusions they drew from their research

Articles that are not scholarly may sometimes include some of the same attributes as scholarly articles. To identify a scholarly article, look to see if the article has a majority of these characteristics.

Resources for Understanding and Identifying Peer-Reviewed Articles

Finding Newspaper Articles

If you specifically need to find newspaper articles on your topic, there are two options through the library website. Using the library website is a starting point is a good way to make sure you don't run into a paywall or have to pay unnecessarily for news articles.

Find a Specific Newspaper

If you would like to find articles from a specific newspaper, you can search for the title of the newspaper using the Journals Available search within the catalog. Even though it's called Journals Available, it includes magazines and newspapers as well.

You can find the Journals Available search within the library catalog, in the row of links at the top.

 

Once there, you can search for the title or ISSN of the newspaper you are interested in.  After hitting search, results will be listed below the search box. Newspapers that are available online will have links labelled Available Online underneath their title. You can click on this link to be taken directly to the database that contains the newspaper, or click on the title of the newspaper to get more information about it.

Search Inside a News Database

There are also newspaper databases that let you search the contents of many different newspapers at once. All newspaper-focused databases can be found on the Finding Articles box on the library homepage, then Listing by Subject or Category, and then News. Newspaper Source and NexisUni are the two biggest databases that contain the broadest range of newspapers. Other listed on this page contain more focused collections or single newspapers.

Once inside a newspaper database, you can search just as you would for articles in any other article database. Because these databases are focused on news sources, those are the results that you will get.

Icons next to results in newspaper databases will indicate that they are from news sources, as opposed to magazines or scholarly journals.

Finding Specific Articles

Say you need to track down a specific article -  one that you saw mentioned in another article, or that someone has recommended to you. In order to track down the full-text, first make sure you have as complete a citation for the article as possible. That will make it easier for you to track down the article using one of the following options.

Use the Articles Search

The library catalog’s Article search can help you find a specific article using either the title of the article or the DOI (Digital Object Identifier). The DOI is like the ID number of the specific article. Not every article will have a DOI. Having a complete citation will let you know whether your article has a DOI or not.
You can use the Articles search either from the Articles tab on the library homepage search box:
 
Or, if you are already in the catalog, by choosing the "Articles" options from the dropdown menu after the catalog search box:
 
If the article does not show up when you search for the title or DOI in this article search, you can try the other options listed below.
 

Check the Library's Journal Collection

 To search for a specific publication, first make sure you know the name of the publication (journal, magazine, or newspaper) that the article was published in. Then click the Journals A-Z link under Find, Borrow, Request on the library homepage. Do not be discouraged by this step if your article is from a publication that isn't a journal - if the library has it, you will still be able to find it here.

Once you have clicked on the Journals A-Z link, you will see a search bar labelled Journal Search. Type in the title of your publication here - we are not searching for the actual article yet. Hit search and then look in the list of results to see if the publication you are looking for is present. If your publication is listed and there is a link underneath labelled Available Online, click on the Available Online link to see your options for accessing that publication. 

If your publication does not show up, it means the library does not hold a subscription. If this happens, or if your desired publication is only available in print, you can ask a librarian for assistance in accessing it.

 

Once you have clicked on an access option under the View Online section, you will be taken to a menu  for your publication inside the database. Depending on which database the publication is stored in, there are different ways that this menu/screen will look. However, any database should allow you to either search within a specific publication, browse the publication by year, or both.

If you prefer to search and the option is available, search for the title of your article. Make sure the search box indicates that you are searching within the publication and not the database as a whole - there may be multiple search boxes in different places on the page. If you don't spot it in the results, try including the author's name in your search as well.

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If there is not an option to search inside the specific publication, or if searching doesn't bring you what you want, you may be able to browse to the article. For this method, it's most helpful if you know the year that the article was published, as well as the date or the volume and issue number. Use this information to move through the browsing menu until you find your specific article.

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Look for a Copy in Google Scholar

If the library does not have access to a copy of your article, and it is from a scholarly journal, you can try to find a free version using Google Scholar. From within Google Scholar, search for as exact a version of the title as you can. Once you hit search and have results, make sure the article you are looking for has appeared. If it has, look to the right to see if there is  PDF or HTML link located there. If so, that means there is a copy freely available online. Click on the link to access it.

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If there is no full-text link to the right, that means there is no free access to that article. If it's not in the library databases either (you can configure Google Scholar to find database articles as well), you may need to request it.

Request the Article Using ILL

If you configure Google Scholar to find database articles, you may see Get It @ Bradley links to the right of Google Scholar results, or Get Help @ Bradley links below results, hidden beneath an arrow. In library databases, when the full-text of an article is not available within the database, you may also see a Get It @ Bradley button. Any of these links or buttons will take you to the full-text or to a page where you can request an article to be sent to you.

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Once you have clicked on a Get It or Get Help link, you will see a screen with more options for accessing the article. Not every option will appear for every article. The possible options are:

  • Full Text Available - it turns out the full-text is available through the library and you can click here to get it!
  • BU Library can buy the article and deliver to your BU email in a few hours - before you click this option, make sure you have also looked for a free copy in Google Scholar and in our databases. If it's really not there, click this link, enter your email and we'll buy it for you. Checking Google Scholar and the databases first ensures that we don't have to pay again for an article we already own.
  • Search for a free copy in Google Scholar - if you haven't already searched Google Scholar, this is a handy link to do that.
  • ILLiad --- Interlibrary Loan - again for articles that are not available through the databases or Google Scholar, this sends a request on your behalf to other libraries who can provide you with a PDF copy via email. You will log in with your Bradley University username and password.

 

Finding the Full-Text

Many of the library databases provide the full-text of the article directly from the article page.

Sometimes, as in JSTOR,  you will be shown the full text immediately after you click on the title in the results list.

In others, look for a link or icon labelled "PDF Full Text," "HTML Full Text," or "Linked Full Text." These links may be in slightly different places in different databases, but they will all take you to the full-text. Here are some examples.

In EBSCO databases the full-text links are usually on the left-hand menu.

 

ProQuest full text options appear in tabs above the article abstract.

If the full-text is not held within the database, you may see instead a button labelled as "Get It @ BU - Check full text availability."

Clicking on this link will take you to a page where you can find other options for accessing full-text. Not every option will be listed for every article. Whichever options appear, look for them in this order, which is listed as easiest to hardest in terms of how many steps you have to take and how long it will take to get it. 

  • A link to another database where you can read the full-text.
  • Search the article on Google Scholar for a free version - Google Scholar is sometimes able to find freely available copies online. Try this before trying the "buy the article" or "Interlibrary Loan" options.
  • BU Library can buy the article and deliver it to your BU email in a few hours - this allows you to request the article be emailed to you as PDF.
  • Request through Interlibrary Loan - for articles that are not available through any of the previous methods, this option will open up a system called ILLiad, where you can request the article to be sent to you via email from another library that has access.

Avoiding Paywalls

Occasionally on your quest for articles, you may end up on page where you are told that you must pay real money in order to access an article. You shouldn't have to pay for any articles during your time as a student at Bradley. When you see a prompt telling you to pay, there are two likely scenarios.

  • The library has access to the article, but you are not logged in. Make sure you follow all the instructions on how to log in to the library, and try to access the article again through a library page or a properly set-up Google Scholar.
  • The library does not have access, so you need to request it. The library collection doesn't include a subscription to every journal in the world, but we have systems in place to request individual articles outside of our subscriptions. Make note of as much of the citation information as you can, and then you can request the article through Get It @ BU or Interlibrary Loan. There is another section in this guide on how to access the full-text of articles that describes these options.

For help with either of these circumstances, you can always contact a librarian.

Adjusting Search Results

Where should I search?

If you're not getting the results you expect to get, you might be using the wrong search tool. The best place to conduct your search depends on what kind of information you need.

  • If you're still exploring potential topics or looking for background information, a general web search or a reference book, such as an encyclopedia, could be a good starting place. 
  • If you need in-depth information or detailed overviews of a topic, scholarly books might be useful. You can find ebooks using the catalog.
  • For the most up-to-date information from the field you're researching, as well as very detailed information about specific research topics within that field, scholarly, peer-reviewed articles are probably going to be best. You can find peer-reviewed articles using the databases.

What should I do if I got too many or too few results?

There are several different strategies you can apply if you find yourself with too many, or too few, results for your searches. 

  • Make sure you are searching in an appropriate place. If you have too many results, try a more specialized search tool, such as a subject-specific database. If you have too few, try a different specialized database, or a more general, multi-disciplinary database.
  • Adjust your keywords. The more keywords you use, the more specific your results will get. Use more keywords to lower the number of results. Remove keywords to get more results. You can also use more specific or more general keywords (for instance,"newborns" is more specific than "children") to narrow or broaden your search results.
  • Make use of filters. Many library tools, such as the catalog and the databases, allow you to filter your results to match certain criteria. If you have too many results, you can try filtering them - perhaps by when they were published, or by items that are tagged with a subject such as "Nursing" - to narrow them down. Which filters you use depends on what you're looking for, so think carefully about what sources you want to find. If you have too few results, make sure you aren't using any filters that might remove useful results. It's better to start with a few filters and add more than to use all of them right away and have to guess which ones to remove if you don't find anything.

Using Sources to Find More Sources

Say you have found one really great article for your project but you need more than that. These are techniques you can use to start with one article and find similar, related articles. You can repeat these steps with each new article you find to trace your topic through the published literature about it.

Check Database Subject Headings

If you found your article inside a library database, it most likely has subject headings assigned to it. Subject headings are like tags that have been applied to an article by the people who organize the contents of the database. The subject headings give you a good idea of what the main topics of the article are. By clicking on or searching for the subject headings instead of plain keywords, you can find more articles with the same core ideas.

Subject headings are most often listed on the page of information about the article, where you would find the abstract and link to the full text. Some databases refer to their subject headings using specialized terms, such as "MeSH Terms" for health and nursing databases. If you don't see subject headings listed, see if there are any other tags or categories being used to organize articles in that database.

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Mine the Citations/References/Works Cited

Most scholarly articles will have a list of works cited or references at the end. These represent the articles the authors read or drew on in order to create their own work. Scan through this list to see if any of the articles mentioned look like they might also support your topic. If a useful section from your original article contains a quote or reference from a different source, definitely look for that source in the reference list and track it down.

Investigate If The Article Has Been Cited Elsewhere

In addition to looking at what works your article has cited or quoted, you can look to see what other sources your original article has been cited in, if any. These will likely be sources that build or expand on the ideas from your original article. In order to find out where an article has been cited, search for it in Google Scholar. When your article appears in the search results, look for the Cited By link underneath the result. It does not matter if the full-text of your original article is available in Google Scholar or not. Click on the Cited By link to see a list of articles that cite your original article.

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The articles that cite your original article may or may not be available in full-text through Google Scholar, but you can also search for them in library databases or order them through Interlibrary Loan/ILLiad. The Cited By list just gives you articles to look for. If your original article is very new, you may not find anything this way, because researchers will not have had enough time yet to finish work that references the article.